Amphoteric surfactants carry both a negative and a positive charge on their hydrophilic heads. The molecule above is Myristamine Oxide, it is used for its conditioning and stabilizing properties in hair care products, but it is also used in other personal care applications. This amine oxide is zwitterionic, as can be seen on the head of the molecule to the left. There is a positively charged nitrogen atom (N+) with the anionic centers attached directly to it, a negatively charged oxygen atom (O-). Because these charges cancel each other out, it does not require a counterion.
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Amphoteric surfactants are also known as amphiphilic or zwitterionic surfactants. The name zwitterionic comes from the fact that they theoretically have both a negative and a positive charge, however, the actual charge the molecule has depends on the pH of the aqueous solution it is added to. It&#;s safe to assume that at the pH levels of most personal care applications, amphoteric surfactants will act somewhere in between an anionic and a cationic surfactant. They can be cleaning agents, foaming agents, or wetting agents while also having conditioning properties. They are more mild than anionic surfactants, but that in turn also means that their cleaning and foaming performance is lower. Amphoteric surfactants can be combined with all other surfactant types. Due to their milder characteristics and compatibility with all other types of surfactants, they are frequently combined with either anionic, cationic, and/or nonionic surfactants. When amphoteric surfactants are used with other types of surfactants, they can boost the other surfactant&#;s performance, much like a nonionic surfactant would.
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Common amphoteric surfactants are Cocamidopropyl Betaines, and amine oxides like Cocamidopropyl Amine Oxide, Decylamine Oxide, and Myristamine Oxide.
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