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Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose is obtained from various natural sources, mainly wood pulp and cotton linters. 1
Since , HPMC has been used as a gluten replacement for the manufacture of baked goods.3
HPMC can serve several functions in baked goods such as:1, 2
Stabilizer of emulsions and foams: critical for dough development during baking.
Thickener: increases viscosity by thickening the aqueous phase.
Fat-replacer: acts as a lubricant to help maintain creamy mouthfeel.
Gluten-substitute: most effectively when combined with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in baked goods.
Bulking agent
Coating agent: film and barrier formation for coating.
Binder
Water retention: extends shelf-life.
Controls water balance during freezing and thawing.
HPMC is considered a non-fermentable soluble dietary fiber, thus providing several health benefits including reduction of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, reducing risk factors of type 2 diabetes and aiding intestinal movements.3
Using HPMC in gluten-free baked goods helps with diet management for patients with celiac disease.3
HPMC is manufactured following this process:1, 2
Alkalinization: wood pulp cellulose is treated with a 50 wt% sodium hydroxide solution in a reactor.
Etherification: addition of methyl chloride followed by propylene oxide to introduce methoxy and propylene glycol groups, respectively.
Neutralization: using hydrogen chloride solution.
Purification: HPMC is washed several times with hot water, and filtered.
Drying and sizing: the purified product is dried, ground to desirable particle size followed by packaging.
HPMC can be used in the manufacture of several baked products, fillings, foams and coatings. It is a great alternative for gluten substitution in gluten-free baked products in combination with CMC.
Some considerations when adding HPMC to food products include:1, 3
Solubilizing HPMC/CMC before addition for full performance.
Consider the water activity of the systems, 5-10% of water may be needed in some formulations.
HPMC should be added after proteins are activated.
HPMC accommodates high sugar levels, up to 50%.
Methods of incorporating of HPMC/CMC mixtures in food products:3
HPMC/CMC should be dispersed in one third of the required water.
Add the rest of HPMC/CMC with the dry ingredients to avoid lump formation.
Disperse the blend in the required oil and then add to the bakery mix.
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HPMC is permitted for its direct addition to food products by the FDA.4
In the EU, HPMC (E 464) is considered safe when used for its intended purpose.5 Accepted HPMC types must have between 19 -30 % methyl and 3 -12% hydroxyprop(ox)yl groups content.
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a versatile compound used in the food industry as a food additive. It serves various functions such as thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying, and providing texture to foods. HPMC is derived from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer found in plants. It is considered safe for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in the European Union.
What is Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)?
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is a synthetic derivative of cellulose, a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. It is commonly produced by treating cellulose with propylene oxide and methyl chloride. The resulting compound has both hydroxypropyl and methyl groups attached to the cellulose backbone.
Functions of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose in Foods:
Thickening: HPMC is often used as a thickening agent in food products. It can increase the viscosity of liquid foods, making them more stable and enhancing their texture.
Stabilizing: As a stabilizer, HPMC helps maintain the uniformity of food products by preventing ingredients from separating or settling.
Emulsifying: HPMC can act as an emulsifier, facilitating the formation and stabilization of emulsions in foods. Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water.
Texture Improvement: It can improve the texture of various food products, giving them a smoother, creamier, or more gel-like consistency.
Moisture Retention: HPMC has the ability to retain moisture, which can help extend the shelf life of certain food products and prevent them from drying out.
Foods Containing Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose:
Baked Goods: HPMC is commonly used in baked goods such as bread, cakes, muffins, and pastries. It helps improve the texture and moisture retention of these products, resulting in softer, more uniform baked goods.
Dairy Products: Some dairy products, including ice cream, yogurt, and cheese, may contain HPMC as a stabilizer or thickening agent. It helps prevent ice crystals from forming in ice cream, maintains the creamy texture of yogurt, and improves the consistency of cheese sauces.
Sauces and Dressings: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is often added to sauces, gravies, and salad dressings to thicken and stabilize them. It ensures that these products have a smooth, uniform texture and do not separate upon standing.
Processed Meats: HPMC can be found in processed meat products such as sausages, deli meats, and meat patties. It helps bind the ingredients together, improve the texture, and retain moisture during cooking.
Canned Foods: Many canned foods, including soups, sauces, and vegetables, contain HPMC to maintain their texture and consistency. It helps prevent the contents from becoming too watery or mushy during the canning process.
Frozen Foods: In frozen foods such as frozen desserts, meals, and snacks, HPMC acts as a stabilizer and emulsifier. It helps maintain the integrity of the product during freezing and thawing, preventing ice crystal formation and maintaining a smooth texture.
Gluten-Free Products: HPMC is often used in gluten-free products as a substitute for gluten, a protein found in wheat and other grains. It helps improve the texture and structure of gluten-free baked goods and other products.
Beverages: Some beverages, including fruit juices, smoothies, and protein shakes, may contain HPMC as a thickening agent or emulsifier. It helps improve the mouthfeel and consistency of these beverages, making them more enjoyable to consume&#;
Health and Safety Considerations:
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is considered safe for consumption by regulatory authorities when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. However, like any food additive, it is important to consume HPMC in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Digestive Health: HPMC is a soluble fiber, which means it can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the gut. This fermentation process can help promote digestive health and regularity.
Allergies and Sensitivities: While rare, some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to HPMC. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include itching, swelling, hives, or difficulty breathing. People with known allergies to cellulose derivatives should avoid foods containing HPMC.
Regulatory Approval: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is approved for use as a food additive by regulatory agencies such as the FDA in the United States and the EFSA in the European Union. These agencies have established acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels for HPMC based on safety assessments.
Potential Side Effects: In large quantities, HPMC may cause gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea. It is important to follow the recommended dosage guidelines provided by food manufacturers.
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is a versatile food additive used in a wide range of food products to improve texture, stability, and shelf life. It is commonly found in baked goods, dairy products, sauces, processed meats, canned foods, frozen foods, gluten-free products, and beverages. While considered safe for consumption by regulatory authorities, it is important to consume HPMC in moderation as part of a balanced diet and to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities. By understanding its functions and applications, consumers can make informed choices about the foods they consume.
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