Iron oxide pigments are the most often used colour pigments in the world. They are available in the primary colours yellow (FeOOH), black (Fe3O4) and red (Fe2O3), but also as a mixture in orange, beige and brown shades.
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Iron Oxides have been used since prehistoric times (mainly the red shades). They were first used by cavemen to leave testimony of their presence in cave dwellings including animal drawings to ensure bountiful hunting. The first cave drawing was found in the Saubia Mountains (Germany), Lascaux (France) and Altamira (Spain). They were painted between 40,000 and 10,000 BC. Iron Oxide rich mineral clays provided the colors used. Iron Oxide was later found in Neolithic ceramic, Renaissance or Impressionist paintings, bricks of early cities, etc. Natural Iron Oxides are still used nowadays. However, synthetic types are much more popular nowadays because of their higher pigment performance. Their widespread use is due to their natural shade and outstanding chemical, physical and technical properties, which make them essential in many applications.
Initially, the Laux process was exclusively used to manufacture aniline (C6H5NH2) from nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2). Only when in 1925 the chemist, Dr Laux, found out that the iron oxide, being a by-product of this reaction, could be used, subject to certain chemical conditions, as an iron oxide pigment with extremely high colour strength. This process is primarily used for black iron oxide (e.g. Black 330), however, the reaction to get iron oxide yellow (e.g. Yellow 420) is also possible. From black iron oxide, it is also possible to produce red iron oxide pigments (e.g. Red 110) in an additional reaction stage.
In the precipitation process, iron sulphate is oxidized to yellow iron oxide pigment (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in an alkaline environment with atmospheric oxygen. In this case, similar to the Penniman process, a yellow nucleus pigment is necessary in order to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality.
In the Penniman process, iron scrap is oxidized to yellow iron oxide (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in a sulphate acid medium in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. In this case, iron sulphate acts as a catalyst. As to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality, yellow nuclei are furthermore necessary.
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Synthetic red, yellow, orange, brown and black iron oxides are non-toxic and made from 60% post-industrial recycled content processed .
Iron oxide Pigments are widely used as inexpensive, durable pigments with large number of benefits and application around wide range of industries and products
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I am producing Iron Oxide with the intention of using it for pigmentation. My attempts so far have been to use electrolysis. My first attempt I used Borax as an electrolyte and a 12 volt adapter with 3-4ish amps. The result was a typical light orange rust color, however the process was rather slow, 24 hours resulted in about a tablespoon of rust. My next attempt I used table salt instead. This was far faster, it produced nearly a cup of black sludge in 10 hours. As per the tutorials I watched on youtube, I then filtered the matter through a coffee filter and a funnel, then heated the result in a pan. The result however was a rust color covered in a layer of black crust, as if I had burnt a sheet of cookies. Powdering the result gave me a powder of very dark brown color.The Residue left over on the coffee filter and in the container I used for electrolysis are the typical rust orange color I would expect. It is my understanding that heating the black matter that results from the electrolisis usually produces a more red color. So my question(s) are:
Iron oxide pigmentsoxide pigments are the most often used colour pigments in the world. They are available in the primary colours yellow (FeOOH), black (Fe3O4) and red (Fe2O3), but also as a mixture in orange, beige and brown shades.
Iron Oxides have been used since prehistoric times (mainly the red shades). They were first used by cavemen to leave testimony of their presence in cave dwellings including animal drawings to ensure bountiful hunting. The first cave drawing was found in the Saubia Mountains (Germany), Lascaux (France) and Altamira (Spain). They were painted between 40,000 and 10,000 BC. Iron Oxide rich mineral clays provided the colors used. Iron Oxide was later found in Neolithic ceramic, Renaissance or Impressionist paintings, bricks of early cities, etc. Natural Iron Oxides are still used nowadays. However, synthetic types are much more popular nowadays because of their higher pigment performance. Their widespread use is due to their natural shade and outstanding chemical, physical and technical properties, which make them essential in many applications.
Initially, the Laux process was exclusively used to manufacture aniline (C6H5NH2) from nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2). Only when in 1925 the chemist, Dr Laux, found out that the iron oxide, being a by-product of this reaction, could be used, subject to certain chemical conditions, as an iron oxide pigment with extremely high colour strength. This process is primarily used for black iron oxide (e.g. Black 330), however, the reaction to get iron oxide yellow (e.g. Yellow 420) is also possible. From black iron oxide, it is also possible to produce red iron oxide pigments (e.g. Red 110) in an additional reaction stage.
In the precipitation process, iron sulphate is oxidized to yellow iron oxide pigment (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in an alkaline environment with atmospheric oxygen. In this case, similar to the Penniman process, a yellow nucleus pigment is necessary in order to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality.
In the Penniman process, iron scrap is oxidized to yellow iron oxide (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in a sulphate acid medium in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. In this case, iron sulphate acts as a catalyst. As to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality, yellow nuclei are furthermore necessary.
Synthetic red, yellow, orange, brown and black iron oxides are non-toxic and made from 60% post-industrial recycled content processed .
Iron oxide Pigments are widely used as inexpensive, durable pigments with large number of benefits and application around wide range of industries and products
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I am producing Iron Oxide with the intention of using it for pigmentation. My attempts so far have been to use electrolysis. My first attempt I used Borax as an electrolyte and a 12 volt adapter with 3-4ish amps. The result was a typical light orange rust color, however the process was rather slow, 24 hours resulted in about a tablespoon of rust. My next attempt I used table salt instead. This was far faster, it produced nearly a cup of black sludge in 10 hours. As per the tutorials I watched on youtube, I then filtered the matter through a coffee filter and a funnel, then heated the result in a pan. The result however was a rust color covered in a layer of black crust, as if I had burnt a sheet of cookies. Powdering the result gave me a powder of very dark brown color.The Residue left over on the coffee filter and in the container I used for electrolysis are the typical rust orange color I would expect. It is my understanding that heating the black matter that results from the electrolisis usually produces a more red color. So my question(s) are: