Take this product by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
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It is best to take magnesium supplements with a meal to reduce stomach upset and diarrhea unless otherwise directed by the product instructions or your doctor.
Take each dose with a full glass (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) of water unless your doctor directs you otherwise. Swallow extended-release capsules and delayed-release/enteric coated tablets or capsules whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release or delayed-release/enteric coated capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing.
If you are taking the chewable tablets, chew each tablet thoroughly before swallowing.
If you are using a liquid product, use a medication measuring device to carefully measure the dose. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. If you are using a suspension, shake the bottle well before each dose.
Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remember to take it at the same time(s) each day. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose or take it more often than directed on the product package or by your doctor. Too much magnesium in the blood can cause serious side effects.
Tell your doctor if symptoms of low magnesium blood levels (such as muscle cramps, tiredness, irritability, depression) last or get worse. If you think you may have a serious medical problem, get medical help right away.
This article was updated January .
Learn about the properties and applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in this article.
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Nanomaterials with diameters of <100 nm are being used in a number of applications across multiple domains, such as biology, physics, chemistry, cosmetics, optical components, polymer science, pharmaceutical drug manufacture, toxicology, and mechanical engineering.
Magnesium is a Block S, Period 3 element, while oxygen is a Block P, Period 2 element. Magnesium can be commercially produced from carnallite, brucite, magnesite, olivine and talc.
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles are odorless and non-toxic. They possess high hardness, high purity and a high melting point. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles appear in a white powder form.
These nanoparticles possess beneficial physiochemical behaviors such as excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, remarkable refractive index, good physical strength, low electrical conductivity, outstanding optical transparency, and dielectric resistance.
The chemical properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles are outlined in the following table.
Chemical Data Chemical symbol MgO CAS No. -48-4 Group Magnesium 2The physical properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles are given in the following table.
Properties Metric Imperial Density 3.58 g/cm3 0.129 lb/in3 Molar mass 40.30 g/mol -The thermal properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles are provided in the table below.
Properties Metric Imperial Melting point °C °F Boiling point °C °FMagnesium oxide nanoparticles can be prepared using the hydroxide precipitation process, which is followed by thermal decomposition of the hydroxide. MgO can be characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopes.
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Magnesium oxide nanoparticles can be applied in several fields, including electronics, catalysis, ceramics, and petrochemical products. When combined with natural materials such as wood chips and shavings, they can be used to produce lightweight, heat insulating and sound-proofing materials, refractory fiber board, and metallic ceramics.
The potential applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles are as follows:
Conventional production methods for magnesium oxide nanoparticles involve potentially toxic chemicals and reagents as well as resources such as energy and water. To improve the environmental friendliness of nanoparticle and nanomaterial production, many scientists are exploring green synthesis methods.
Green synthesis methods are a hot topic in multiple industries at the moment as they have the potential to help them meet the UN's sustainability goals and net zero ambitions. These methods employ the use of non-toxic reagents and chemicals and significantly reduce water, energy consumption, and carbon emissions.
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been successfully manufactured using green synthesis methods, but some key challenges persist with producing bulk nanoparticles using these environmentally friendly processes.
One of the main barriers to producing magnesium oxide nanoparticles is the biological extracts themselves, which cause challenges with elucidating reactions and their mechanisms. Overcoming this challenge is one of the main focuses of green chemistry.
Green synthesis methods offer a broad range of opportunities for producing nanoparticles with good stability and novel properties. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles produced using these environmentally friendly approaches have a wide range of potential applications in the energy, biomedical, and environmental industries.
One of the main advantages of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in biomedical and agricultural applications is their non-toxicity to plants and animals. This makes them interesting targets for research into their antibacterial properties to fight pathogens.
A paper published in in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology investigated the antibacterial action of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against Ralstonia solanacearum, a phytopathogen responsible for bacterial wilt in tobacco crops.
The team conducting the research discovered that the main toxicity mechanism of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against R. solanacearum was the physical disruption of bacterial cells via attachment of nanoparticles, which leads to drastically reduced motility and biofilm formation.
Another possible reason for the antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which causes actions such as damage to bacterial DNA, amongst other effects. Physical disruption to bacterial cells was observed and confirmed using TEM and SEM.
The results of the experiments carried out by researchers demonstrated significant concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) were 200 and 250 μg/mL, respectively.
Greenhouse experiments on tobacco crops infected with R. solanacearum confirmed the reduction of bacterial wilt index due to the significant antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Thus, magnesium oxide nanoparticles could be used as alternative, eco-friendly, and non-toxic antibacterial agents in the future.
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have multiple potential applications due to their unique and favorable physiochemical properties, non-toxicity, and several other advantages. However, their production, like most nanomaterials, suffers from a lack of ecological friendliness. For this reason, green synthesis methods are emerging.
Some interesting research has been conducted in recent years into the potential antibacterial and biomedical applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, which could see them emerging as viable, eco-friendly, and non-toxic alternatives to some conventional therapies.
Abinaya, S et al. () Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and its applications: A review Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 19, [online] sciencedirect.com. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S
Cai, L et al. () Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effective Agricultural Antibacterial Agent Against Ralstonia solanacearum Front. Microbiol. 9 [online] frontiersin.org. Available at: https://doi.org/10./fmicb..
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